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初中英語基礎(chǔ)語法3-形容詞/副詞
形容詞三、形容詞(adj.) 表示人和事物的特征,對(duì)名詞起修飾和描繪作用
四、副詞(adv.)表示動(dòng)作特征或性狀,主要修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞及整個(gè)句子
�。ㄒ唬┬稳菰~的用法及位置
1.形容詞在句中作定語、表語、賓語補(bǔ)足語等,作定語時(shí)一般放在名詞前。
Eg. She has short hair.(作定語)
Paul is tall.(作表語)
We must keep our room clean.(作賓補(bǔ))
2.形容詞修飾不定代詞時(shí)放在其后。
eg.She has something important to tell us./
There’s nothing wrong in the sentence.
�。ǘ└痹~的種類、用法及位置
1.副詞的種類
�。�1)時(shí)間副詞
�、俦硎敬篌w時(shí)間:now,then,yesterday,today, tonight,before,justnow,recently,so far
�、诒硎绢l率:always,usually,often,sometimes.seldom,never
③其它作用:already,yet,late,early,soon,at once,immediately,atfirst,at last,finally
�。�2)地點(diǎn)副詞
�、俦淼攸c(diǎn):here,there,home,abroad,upstairs,downstairs,anywhere,everywhere,
nowhere,somewhere.
�、诒砦恢藐P(guān)系(后接賓語時(shí),用作介詞):
above,below,round,around,down,up,in,out,inside,outside,across,back,along,over,
away,near,off,past
�。�3)方式副詞表示謂語動(dòng)詞“怎樣地”,(此類副詞大部分由形容詞加ly構(gòu)成):
badly,bravely,gratefully,calmly,carefully,carelessly,nervously,proudly,patiently,
politely,sadly,properly,rapidly,
wrongly,suddenly.
�。�4)程度副詞 多數(shù)用來修飾形容詞或副詞:much,(a)little,a bit,very,sO,too,enough,quite,rather,completely,terribly,deeply,nearly,almost,hardly
�。�5)疑問副詞 構(gòu)成特殊疑問句:how,when, where,why
�。�6)連接副詞 連接主語、賓語或表語從句:how,when,where,why
�。�7)關(guān)系副詞 引導(dǎo)定語從句:when,where,why
(8)其它性質(zhì)的副詞對(duì)整個(gè)句子進(jìn)行說明,一般用逗號(hào)與主句隔開:
frankly(坦率地說,說真的),generally(一般說來),luckily(幸運(yùn)地是),first of all(首先)等。
2.副詞的用法及位置
�。�1)修飾動(dòng)詞作狀語
�、俣鄶�(shù)位于動(dòng)詞之后,及物動(dòng)詞的賓語或介問的賓語之后。
eg.The farmers are working hard in the field.
She speaks English well.
The nurse looks after the babies carefully.
�、陬l度副詞放在動(dòng)詞前,情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞之后。
eg.He always goes to school On foot.
She was often late for school.
I have never been to Beijing·
�。�2)修飾形容詞作狀語,放在形容詞前。
eg.He has a very nice watch.
The box is too heavy.
�。�3)修飾另一副詞作狀語,放在另一副詞前。
eg.She paints quite well.
You speak too fast.I can’t understand you.
�。�4)作表語,放在系動(dòng)詞后。
eg.Is anybody in?
�。�5)作賓語補(bǔ)足語,放在賓語之后。
eg.I saw him out just now.
�。�6)作定語,放在名詞之后。
eg.There is a man:here On vacation.
(7)疑問副詞、修飾整個(gè)句子的副詞以及perhaps,first,sometimes,finally等副詞,一般放在句首。
eg.Finally,I finished the work.
Perhaps he’s watching TV at home.
�。�8)表示程度的副詞一般放在被修飾詞前,而enough則放在它所修飾的詞后。
eg. He is old enough to go to school.
(三)形容詞和副詞的比較等級(jí)
1.比較級(jí)、最高級(jí)的構(gòu)成
�。�1)單音節(jié)和少數(shù)雙音節(jié)詞
�、僖话阍谠~尾加er或est
great——greater——greatest,young——younger——youngest,slow→slower→slowest
�、谝詄結(jié)尾的只加r或st
nice——nicer——nicest,large——larger—largest.
�、垡暂o音字母加y結(jié)尾的,先變y為i,再加er或est
heavy——heavier——heaviest, easy——easier——>easiest,
busy——busier——busiest, funny——funnier——+funniest,
early——earlier→earliest
�、芤灾刈x閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾的詞,先雙寫最末的一個(gè)輔音字母,再加er或est
big——bigger——biggest, thin——thinner——>thinnest,fat—fatter→fattest,
fitt—fitter→fittest
�。�2)多音節(jié)和部分雙音節(jié)詞,前加more為比較級(jí),加(the)most為最高級(jí)
careful→more careful——most careful
useful——more useful——most useful
popular→more popular→most popular
carelessly——more carelessly——most carelessly
�。�3)不規(guī)則變化的詞
good/well→better→best
bad/ill/badly→worse→worst
many/much→more→most
little→less→least
old→older/elder→oldest(指年齡大小)/eldest(指長幼順序)
far→farther/further→farthest(指距離)/furthest(指程度)
2.形容詞和副詞比較級(jí)、最高級(jí)的用法
�。�1)形容詞和副詞比較級(jí)的用法
�、儆糜趦烧弑容^,表示“比…更…”:
“A+系動(dòng)詞+形容詞比較級(jí)+than+B,
eg.I am two years older than my little sister.
“A+謂語動(dòng)詞+副詞比較級(jí)+than+B:
eg. She gets to school earlier than the other students.
�、谟糜趦烧咧g的同級(jí)比較,表示“…和…一樣”:
“A+系動(dòng)詞+as+形容詞原級(jí)+as+B,
eg.Bill is as funny as his father.
“A+謂語動(dòng)詞+as+副詞原級(jí)+as+B”
eg.Lucy speaks Chinese as well as Lily.
�、郾硎炯自谀撤矫娌蝗缫遥�
“A+系動(dòng)詞+notas/so+形容i司原級(jí)+as十B”
eg.These books aren’t as interesting as those.
“A+助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+not+謂語動(dòng)詞+aS/SO+B”
eg.She didn’t sing sO well that night as she usually does.
④表示某個(gè)范圍內(nèi)的兩者相比:
“A十動(dòng)詞十the+比較級(jí)+of短語(比較范圍)” eg.Penny is the taller of the two girls.Penny是這兩個(gè)女孩中較高的一個(gè)。
�、荼硎尽霸絹碓健保骸氨容^級(jí)+and+比較級(jí)”
eg.In spring the days are getting longer and longer. 在春天,白天變得越來越長。
�、薇硎尽霸健健保骸皌he+比較級(jí)…the+比較級(jí)”
eg.The mort:you practice using English,the better you’ll learn it 你英語練得越多,就會(huì)學(xué)得越好。
①可以用much,far,even,a bit,a little,a lot等修飾比較級(jí)表示程度,但決不可用very修飾。
eg.Tom is a little taller than Mike.Tom比Mike稍高一點(diǎn);
it is even colder today than yesterday. 今天甚至比昨天更冷
�、嘣诒容^級(jí)中,為了避免重復(fù),可用that或those代替前面提到過的事情。
eg.The weather here is much hotter than that Ofour hometown.這兒比我的老家熱得多。
The pants in this shop are a lot better than those in that shop.這家商店的褲子比那家商店的褲子質(zhì)量好得多。
�。�3)形容詞和副詞最高級(jí)的用法
對(duì)三者或三者以上的人或物進(jìn)行比較時(shí)用最高級(jí)。形容詞最高級(jí)前面要加定冠詞the,副詞最高級(jí)前可加the,也可省掉the;后面可帶of/in短浯來說明比較范圍:
“主語+系動(dòng)詞+the+形容詞最高級(jí)+of短語/in短語”
eg.She is the youngest Of all.
“A+謂語動(dòng)詞+(the)+最高級(jí)+of短語/in短語”
eg.Linda draws most carefully in her class.
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